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Spray Cooling at High Temperatures
Chabičovský, Martin ; Čarnogurská, Mária (referee) ; Hajduk, Daniel (referee) ; Raudenský, Miroslav (advisor)
Spray cooling of hot surfaces is used in the metallurgical industry during continuous casting, hot rolling or heat treatment. The water is sprayed on the cooled surface by the nozzle which transforms the water stream to droplets. The spray cooling of hot surfaces can be characterized as forced convection with the presence of the boiling. This physically complicated process is influenced by many factors, such as impurities and contaminants in the water, water temperature, water flow rate, droplet size, droplet impact velocity, surface temperature, surface roughness or the presence of oxides (scales) on the cooled surface. The dominant factor that affects the heat transfer during the spray cooling is the water impingement density. Other factors have a smaller but also significant effect. This doctoral thesis deals with the influence of the water temperature, surface roughness and the presence of oxides on the intensity of the spray cooling. These factors are investigated by laboratory experiments in which the hot steel surface is spray cooled. Effect of the oxide layer is also investigated by the numerical simulation. The experimental results are theoretically explained and generalized using mathematical methods.
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Determination of thermophysical properties of scale layer on steel at high temperatures
Ondruch, Tomáš ; Votavová, Helena (referee) ; Pohanka, Michal (advisor)
The thesis deals with thermophysical properties of scale layer on steel and their determination at high temperatures. The first part summarizes fundamental characteristics of scales, it is also devoted to principles of heat transfer with emphasis on heat conduction. The following text presents current state of research on scales’ thermophysical properties. Subsequently, the thesis aims to experimental measurement of thermophysical properties by use of laser flash method and conducted measurement is described, as well. The following chapters present a finite-element numerical model of the measurement aparatus and computation technique for determination of scales’ thermophysical properties is explained. The obtained results are compared with available data and sensitivity analysis of selected model parameters is carried out.
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Influence of the oxide layer on the cooling of steel surfaces
Resl, Ondřej ; Pohanka, Michal (referee) ; Chabičovský, Martin (advisor)
This thesis deals with the influence of the oxide layer on the spray cooling of steel surfaces. As part of the work steel samples with oxide layer are made and the thickness, porosity and surface roughness of this layer are characterized. The average thermal conductivity of porous oxide layer is determined for different regimes of oxidation. Further, the influence of the oxide layer on the heat transfer coefficient during the spray cooling is experimentally investigated on created samples and the basic numerical simulation of the cooling is done for selected experiment with oxide layer. The thesis also contains theoretical introduction to given issue.
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Environment-Dependent Surface Structure of Fe2O3(012)
Komora, Mojmír ; Dubroka, Adam (referee) ; Čechal, Jan (advisor)
Táto diplomová práca sa zaoberá štúdiom alfa-Fe2O3(012) vystaveného vodnému prostrediu. Súčasný stav poznania ohľadom oxidov železa s pozornosťou vkladanou do popisu alfa-Fe2O3 a jeho (012) povrchu je stručne zhrnutá. Experimentálná časť tejto práce začína s popisom unikátného zariadenia na depozíciu kvapalnej vody na povrchy monokryštalických vzoriek compatibilného s podmienkami ultra vysokého vákuua. Jednotlivé konštrukčné časti a detaily sú diskutované. Navrhnutý systém bol testovaný na vzorkách striebornej fólie a monokryštálu Fe3O4 s povrchovom v rovine [100]. Chemické zloženie a morfológia povrchu po experimente s kvapalnou vodou je diskutovaná. Navrhnuté zariadenie bolo použité na štúdium interakcie vody so známymi (1x1) a (2x1) povrchovými alfa-Fe2O3(012). Experimentálne dáta ukazujú, že voda sa viaže na obe reconštrukcie disociatívne s určitým množstvom molekulárnej vody naviazanej na adsorbované hydroxydi. (1x1) sa zdá javý stabilná po expozícii rôznym tlakom vodnej pary, zatial čo (2x1) vykazuje zmenu na (1x1) pri expozíciach vyšším tlakom vodnej pary alebo po niekolo minútovej expozíci electrónovému zväzku. Ďalej sú v tejto práci prezentované prvé výsledky z štúdie prechodu (1x1) rekonštrukcie na (2x1) pomocou mikroskpie nízkoenergiových elektrónov. Výsledky ukazujú, že táto premena na nižších teplotách je inciovaná na hranách atomárnych vrstiev a defektov na povrchu, ktorá potom postupuje smerom k stredu atomárnych terás. Meranie na vyšších teplotách vykazuje postupnú premenu povrchu naznačúju viaceru nukleačných centrech z ktorých sa (2x1) povrch širi ďalej.
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Transition metal oxides for chemical sensors
Volfová, Lenka ; Tyrpekl, Václav (advisor) ; Zelinger, Zdeněk (referee) ; Myslík, Vladimír (referee)
Outdoor air pollution is one of the main environmental problems today. Its monitoring is, among other things, given by the European Union directive (2008/50/EC) on air quality and places high demands on the quantity and reliability of sensors deployed in our immediate surroundings. In order to continuously monitor large number of habitats, it is necessary to develop simple and inexpensive types of sensors. Figure 1 shows an example of such a sensor. The topic of the dissertation is the preparation by physical methods and the study of the surfaces of thin oxide layers as an active medium for the above-mentioned applications. The thesis investigates the possibility of materials preparation by pulsed laser deposition, discharge in a hollow cathode and magnetron sputtering thin film materials for chemiresistor sensors based on copper and tungsten oxides, luminescent Eu doped ZnO layers and resonant so-called QCM, where a quartz resonator was covered with a layer of black aluminium showing a large specific surface in order to increase the sensitivity of these types of sensors. Since the state and properties of the surface are crucial for the function of these types of sensors, an integral and important part of the work is the characterization of the structural properties of the prepared layers,...
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The Influence of Remaining Water and other Significant Factors on Cooling Intensity during Heat Treatment of Steel
Resl, Ondřej ; Macháčková,, Adéla (referee) ; Hajduk, Daniel (referee) ; Pohanka, Michal (advisor)
Hundreds of milions tons of crude steel are produced worldwide every year. The crude steel is further processed mainly by hot rolling. It is necesary to control cooling process during heat treatment to achieve the required mechanical and physical properties of final products. Cooling is influenced by many parameters and that is the reason why optimal cooling intensity setting is very complicated. Knowledge of the influence of individual factors is crucial for proper cooling. This work deals with the study of the influence of surface quality (surface roughness, presence of oxides) on cooling intensity and the issue of remaining water. The term remaining water means thin water layer that remains on the cooled surface after cooling. As part of the work the influence of surface roughness and oxide presence on cooling of the moving steel surfaces is experimentally investigated using different types of water cooling. To assess the impact of these parameters, cooling is investigated on three different types of surfaces (rolled, grinded, oxidized) and the results are analysed. The influence of the remaining water on cooling is also experimentally investigated. Again, the different types of water cooling and surfaces are used.
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Comparative survey of pupil's chemistry skills at the grammar schools
Pražienka, Miroslav ; Šulcová, Renata (advisor) ; Kloučková, Jitka (referee)
Miroslav Pražienka Comparative survey of pupil's chemistry skills at the grammar schools Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Teaching and Didaktics of Chemistry Modern pedagogical sciences invoke a new approach to teaching, both in technical equipment and educational methods. In new teachers training, also in lifelong learning, computers (and everything connected with them) and active educational methods are preferred. In my survey, I examined these two statements and confront them with 'classical' teaching method. I prepared didactic tools (presentations, games, tests, advances) and I taught with them. At the end, pupils wrote a test and I evaluated it. The results of my survey do not show superiority in effectiveness of any of the methods, however, the results might be influenced by many factors. The obtained results can not be statistically significat because of a small research sample. Nevertheless, the survey shows that modern technical equipment and active education methods are more attractive for pupils and teachers as well, and they make (not only) chemistry education more interesting and enjoyable.
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Environment-Dependent Surface Structure of Fe2O3(012)
Komora, Mojmír ; Dubroka, Adam (referee) ; Čechal, Jan (advisor)
Táto diplomová práca sa zaoberá štúdiom alfa-Fe2O3(012) vystaveného vodnému prostrediu. Súčasný stav poznania ohľadom oxidov železa s pozornosťou vkladanou do popisu alfa-Fe2O3 a jeho (012) povrchu je stručne zhrnutá. Experimentálná časť tejto práce začína s popisom unikátného zariadenia na depozíciu kvapalnej vody na povrchy monokryštalických vzoriek compatibilného s podmienkami ultra vysokého vákuua. Jednotlivé konštrukčné časti a detaily sú diskutované. Navrhnutý systém bol testovaný na vzorkách striebornej fólie a monokryštálu Fe3O4 s povrchovom v rovine [100]. Chemické zloženie a morfológia povrchu po experimente s kvapalnou vodou je diskutovaná. Navrhnuté zariadenie bolo použité na štúdium interakcie vody so známymi (1x1) a (2x1) povrchovými alfa-Fe2O3(012). Experimentálne dáta ukazujú, že voda sa viaže na obe reconštrukcie disociatívne s určitým množstvom molekulárnej vody naviazanej na adsorbované hydroxydi. (1x1) sa zdá javý stabilná po expozícii rôznym tlakom vodnej pary, zatial čo (2x1) vykazuje zmenu na (1x1) pri expozíciach vyšším tlakom vodnej pary alebo po niekolo minútovej expozíci electrónovému zväzku. Ďalej sú v tejto práci prezentované prvé výsledky z štúdie prechodu (1x1) rekonštrukcie na (2x1) pomocou mikroskpie nízkoenergiových elektrónov. Výsledky ukazujú, že táto premena na nižších teplotách je inciovaná na hranách atomárnych vrstiev a defektov na povrchu, ktorá potom postupuje smerom k stredu atomárnych terás. Meranie na vyšších teplotách vykazuje postupnú premenu povrchu naznačúju viaceru nukleačných centrech z ktorých sa (2x1) povrch širi ďalej.
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Influence of the oxide layer on the cooling of steel surfaces
Resl, Ondřej ; Pohanka, Michal (referee) ; Chabičovský, Martin (advisor)
This thesis deals with the influence of the oxide layer on the spray cooling of steel surfaces. As part of the work steel samples with oxide layer are made and the thickness, porosity and surface roughness of this layer are characterized. The average thermal conductivity of porous oxide layer is determined for different regimes of oxidation. Further, the influence of the oxide layer on the heat transfer coefficient during the spray cooling is experimentally investigated on created samples and the basic numerical simulation of the cooling is done for selected experiment with oxide layer. The thesis also contains theoretical introduction to given issue.
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Determination of thermophysical properties of scale layer on steel at high temperatures
Ondruch, Tomáš ; Votavová, Helena (referee) ; Pohanka, Michal (advisor)
The thesis deals with thermophysical properties of scale layer on steel and their determination at high temperatures. The first part summarizes fundamental characteristics of scales, it is also devoted to principles of heat transfer with emphasis on heat conduction. The following text presents current state of research on scales’ thermophysical properties. Subsequently, the thesis aims to experimental measurement of thermophysical properties by use of laser flash method and conducted measurement is described, as well. The following chapters present a finite-element numerical model of the measurement aparatus and computation technique for determination of scales’ thermophysical properties is explained. The obtained results are compared with available data and sensitivity analysis of selected model parameters is carried out.
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